From a sampling perspective, the predominance of existing data documenting changes in sexual behavior comes from single-country studies. To date, very few studies have had appropriate data to enable multi-country comparisons of sexual behavior change (Michielsen et al., 2021), and studies have been disproportionately from high-income countries (Batz et al., 2022; Dema et al., 2022). Policymakers at the national and global levels have underscored the need for high-quality, multi-country studies that more robustly represent country-level differences in important factors, such as income or pandemic response. In addition, the different wording of questions (e.g., survey items for main vs. casual partner sex) may have impacted how participants responded. In addition, we were not able to offer specific definitions of terms (e.g. providing expanded wording for terms or defining partner type). Some of the factors we examined (e.g. household context, mental health, or partnership status) could have impacted the selection of one behavior relative to another.
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Cochran et al. (2000) found that lesbians reported using alcohol more frequently and in greater amounts than heterosexual women. Moreover, homosexual and bisexual men are at greater risk of suicide and depressive symptoms than heterosexual men (Cochran and Mays, 2000). Furthermore, compared to heterosexual men, MSM are more likely to be single (Shilo and Mor, 2020b) and this may lead to an increase in mental distress and perceived loneliness (Shilo and Mor, 2020a). According to WHO (2020), sexual health constitutes individual well-being at a physical, emotional, mental, and social level while sexual dysfunctions can be seen as a condition that prevents people from experiencing satisfaction from sexual activity (Karagöz et al., 2020).
Experimental Evidence for Sex Differences in Sexual Variety Preferences: Support for the Coolidge Effect in Humans
From a methodological perspective, our use of a large, multinational sample expands the boundaries of what is currently available in the COVID-19 and sexual health literature. Another methodological strength is online data collection, which facilitates survey completion in a setting of the participant’s choosing, thereby increasing data confidentiality and participant comfort with answering questions about potentially sensitive topics, like sexual behavior. Online data collection additionally permitted a safe and feasible way to ensure ongoing research during the pandemic when many studies with in person recruitment had to be halted so as not to increase participant COVID-19 risk (Luetke et al., 2020). Table 1 displays the sample level prevalence of overall patterns of change in sexual behaviors.
- On the other hand, Panzeri et al. (2020) found that aging played a role in decreasing perceived quality of marriage and couples’ satisfaction.
- Substance use increase was related to a greater likelihood to have protected and unprotected sexual intercourse.
- For example, studies from China (Li W et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020), France (Landry et al., 2020), Italy (Mollaioli et al., 2021), Indonesia (Kusuma et al., 2021), and Poland (Fuchs et al., 2020) demonstrate a decrease in broadly defined partnered “sexual behavior” or “sexual intercourse” among adults during COVID-19.
- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Individuals’ and Couples’ Sexuality
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In addition, while we examined the use of electronic technology as platforms for sex, we did not ask assess participants’ reasons for choosing such technologies. It could be possible that some unpartnered individuals used these platforms to interact within casual partnerships they had established pre-pandemic or that unpartnered individuals were meeting new partners during the pandemic. It will be important—particularly in preparation for future pandemic events—for future studies to understand how technology can be leveraged to facilitate safe and satisfying sex for people who don’t have access to in person partners. With respect to mental health, the ability to adapt to the new pandemic context benefitted levels of sexual satisfaction.
The present study examined the impact of measures imposed by the Luxembourgish government to fight the COVID-19 pandemic on self-reported sexual behaviors, substance use and mental health. Tim started his academic career at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah and received a bachelor’s degree in Marriage, Family, and Human Development with a minor in psychology. At Texas Tech University, he earned a master’s degree in the Department of Human Sciences as well as his doctoral degree in Human Development and Family Studies. His master’s thesis was a meta-analysis exploring gender differences with regard to cyber-aggressive behaviors. Further, he explored the atheoretical nature of cyberbully research in his comprehensive review.
We used different approaches to approximate large time frames in a single measure for each of these variables. It is possible that some participants were assessed less accurately in this manner. What emerged from this narrative review should be considered at a clinical level. The role of the emotional and relational problems on sexuality highlights the need to work on individuals’ emotion, promoting their resilience, and reducing the spillover effect of stress into the relationship. Clinicians also might promote couples’ cohesion and intimacy, that seem to have a protective role on the development of psychological disease during a stressful situation such as a pandemic.